Cypress Interview Questions and Answers

1. What is Cypress, and what is its purpose?

Cypress is a modern, JavaScript-based end-to-end testing framework designed for web applications. It is built to handle modern web test automation needs and provides developers and testers with a robust platform for creating, running, and debugging tests.

Purpose of Cypress:

• End-to-End Testing: To verify the complete workflow of a web application, ensuring it behaves as expected.

• Fast Feedback: Cypress runs tests directly in the browser, enabling rapid execution and instant feedback.

• Developer-Friendly: It offers an interactive GUI and real-time reloading, allowing developers to easily debug and fix issues.

• Integrated Tooling: It supports unit, integration, and end-to-end testing within a single tool.

• Automatic Waiting: Cypress automatically waits for DOM elements and AJAX requests, reducing the need for manual waits.

Its primary aim is to simplify testing workflows and make it accessible to both developers and testers.

2. What are the features of Cypress?

Cypress is a feature-rich testing framework designed for modern web applications. Its key features include:

1. Time Travel Debugging: Cypress captures snapshots of the application during test execution, allowing you to inspect the state of the application at each test step.

2. Automatic Waiting: It automatically waits for DOM elements to appear, animations to complete, and AJAX requests to resolve, eliminating the need for manual waits or sleep commands.

3. Real-Time Reloads: Tests reload automatically as changes are made, providing a fast feedback loop for development and testing.

4. Built-in Assertion Library: Cypress includes an assertion library that integrates seamlessly with its commands for easier test writing.

5. Browser Support: Cypress runs directly in browsers (like Chrome and Edge), ensuring realistic test execution environments.

6. Debugging Tools: It provides excellent debugging capabilities with detailed error messages and stack traces.

7. Network Traffic Control: Cypress allows interception and stubbing of network requests for advanced testing scenarios.

8. Parallel Test Execution and CI Integration: It supports parallel test execution and is compatible with Continuous Integration tools for scalability.

9. Detailed Test Runner Interface: The Cypress Test Runner provides an interactive GUI for viewing test execution, assertions, and application state.

10. Cross-Platform Compatibility: It supports testing across Windows, macOS, and Linux environments.

These features make Cypress a powerful tool for creating reliable, maintainable, and efficient automated tests for web applications.

3. What are the advantages or benefits of Cypress?

Cypress offers several advantages that make it a popular choice for automated testing of web applications:

1. Fast and Reliable Testing: Cypress runs directly in the browser, ensuring faster execution and accurate results by mimicking real user interactions.

2. Easy Debugging: The detailed error messages, stack traces, and time travel debugging make it simple to identify and fix issues.

3. Automatic Waiting: Cypress eliminates the need for manual waits by automatically waiting for elements, animations, and AJAX calls.

4. All-in-One Testing Tool: It supports unit, integration, and end-to-end testing in a single framework, reducing the need for multiple tools.

5. Interactive Test Runner: The Test Runner provides a visual interface to watch tests in action, inspect DOM elements, and view application state during test execution.

6. Real-Time Reloads: Tests reload automatically when changes are made, enabling a rapid feedback loop.

7. Built-in Stubbing and Spying: Cypress allows you to stub and spy on network requests, making it easy to test applications in isolation.

8. Cross-Browser Testing: It supports major browsers, ensuring compatibility across different environments.

9. Easy Installation and Setup: Cypress is easy to install with minimal configuration required, making it beginner-friendly.

10. Active Community and Documentation: A large and active community and extensive documentation make it easy to find help and best practices.

These benefits make Cypress an efficient, user-friendly, and developer-centric tool for modern web application testing.

4. What are the disadvantages of using Cypress?

While Cypress is a powerful testing framework, it does have some disadvantages:

1. Limited Browser Support: Cypress primarily supports Chrome, Edge, and Firefox. It does not support older browsers like Internet Explorer or Safari on macOS.

2. Single Tab Limitation: Cypress runs in a single browser tab, making it unsuitable for testing multi-tab workflows.

3. No Support for Mobile App Testing: Cypress is designed for web applications and doesn’t support native mobile app testing.

4. Limited Parallelization Control: While Cypress supports parallel test execution, its management can be restrictive compared to other tools.

5. Heavy Dependency on JavaScript: Since Cypress is built on JavaScript, it may not be ideal for teams that primarily use other programming languages.

6. Restricted Access to Browser APIs: Certain browser APIs, like alert() or confirm(), are stubbed by Cypress, limiting their direct use in tests.

7. Lack of Multi-User Testing Support: Testing scenarios involving multiple users simultaneously (e.g., chat applications) are challenging in Cypress due to its single-browser instance limitation.

8. Resource-Intensive: Cypress can consume significant resources during execution, especially for large test suites, which may slow down the system.

Despite these drawbacks, Cypress remains a popular choice for end-to-end testing of web applications due to its ease of use and modern features.

5. What is Cypress ecosystem?

The Cypress ecosystem refers to the suite of tools, features, and integrations that enhance the functionality and usability of the Cypress testing framework. It is designed to provide a comprehensive solution for testing modern web applications.

Key Components of the Cypress Ecosystem:

1. Cypress Test Runner:

• A GUI-based tool to write, run, and debug tests interactively.
• Displays real-time execution, application state, and command logs.

2. Cypress Dashboard:

• A cloud-based service to manage test results, view logs, and analyze trends.
• Provides features like test recording, parallelization, and test analytics.

3. Cypress Plugins:

• Extends functionality with plugins available for integrations (e.g., for CI/CD, browser launching, or accessibility testing).
• Custom plugins can be created to suit project-specific needs.

4. Cypress CLI:

• A command-line interface for running tests in headless mode, integrating with CI pipelines, and managing configurations.

5. Network Control:

• Built-in capabilities for intercepting, stubbing, and spying on network requests.
• Useful for testing API integrations and network-dependent features.

6. Third-Party Integrations:

• Compatibility with tools like Jenkins, GitHub Actions, CircleCI, BrowserStack, and more for CI/CD and cross-browser testing.

7. Custom Commands and Plugins:

• Supports creating reusable custom commands to simplify repetitive actions.
• Facilitates modular and scalable test creation.

8. Documentation and Community Support:

• Extensive official documentation, tutorials, and community-contributed resources.
• Active forums and GitHub discussions to resolve issues and share ideas.

The Cypress ecosystem ensures flexibility, scalability, and seamless integration into modern development workflows, making it a robust platform for web application testing.

6. What browsers are supported by Cypress?

Cypress supports several modern browsers, enabling cross-browser testing of web applications. The supported browsers include:

1. Google Chrome (and Chromium-based browsers):

• All versions of Chrome are supported, including Canary builds.

• Other Chromium-based browsers, such as Microsoft Edge (Chromium version) and Brave, are also supported.

2. Mozilla Firefox:

• Cypress supports both stable and developer editions of Firefox, including ESR (Extended Support Release) versions.

3. Microsoft Edge:

• Only the Chromium-based version of Edge is supported, ensuring compatibility with modern web standards.

4. Electron:

• Cypress includes Electron, a lightweight browser, by default. It is ideal for running tests headlessly during CI/CD but not for extensive cross-browser testing.

Limitations:

• Safari: Not directly supported, though WebKit experimental support is under development.
• Internet Explorer: Not supported due to its outdated architecture.
• Mobile Browsers: Native mobile browsers are not supported; testing is limited to mobile viewports in supported browsers.

These supported browsers cover the majority of modern web usage, ensuring Cypress is effective for most web application testing scenarios.

7. Which OS does Cypress support?

Cypress supports testing on the following operating systems, ensuring compatibility across major platforms:

1. Windows:

• Supported versions include Windows 8.1 and later (64-bit only).

• Popular among testers using Microsoft-based environments.

2. macOS:

• Compatible with macOS 10.9 (Mavericks) and later.

• Preferred for development and testing in Apple ecosystems.

3. Linux:

• Supports major distributions like Ubuntu 12.04 and later, Debian 9 and later, and similar derivatives.

• Ideal for CI/CD pipelines and developers working in Linux environments.

Key Considerations:

• The Cypress Test Runner works seamlessly across these platforms, offering the same functionality.

• Ensure you meet the system requirements for Node.js and the browsers you intend to test with.

This cross-platform support makes Cypress versatile and suitable for diverse development and testing setups.

8. Which testing framework does Cypress support?  Or Does Cypress use Mocha? 

Cypress comes with a built-in Mocha testing framework. Mocha is a JavaScript-based testing framework widely used for writing and running tests. Here’s how Cypress utilizes it:

Key Features of Mocha in Cypress:

1. BDD Syntax:Cypress uses Mocha’s Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) syntax, such as describe, it, and before/after, to structure tests in a readable and organized manner.

2. Flexible Test Structuring: Tests can be grouped using describe blocks, with individual test cases written inside it blocks for clarity.

3. Hooks: Mocha’s hooks (before, beforeEach, after, afterEach) are integrated into Cypress for setting up or cleaning up test states.

4. Assertions: While Mocha doesn’t include assertions, Cypress integrates the Chai assertion library by default, providing support for BDD-style assertions (expect, should) and TDD-style assertions.

Example:

describe('My Test Suite', () => {

  before(() => {

    // Setup code runs once before all tests

  });

  it('should visit the homepage', () => {

    cy.visit('https://example.com');

    cy.title().should('include', 'Example Domain');

  });

  after(() => {

    // Cleanup code runs once after all tests

  });

});

This integration of Mocha, along with Chai assertions and Sinon for spies/stubs, creates a robust testing framework out-of-the-box in Cypress.

9. Cypress is built on which language?

Cypress is primarily built on JavaScript, making it a natural choice for testing modern web applications that predominantly use JavaScript or frameworks based on it.

Key Aspects:

1. JavaScript Framework: The core functionality of Cypress is written in JavaScript, ensuring compatibility with most web technologies.

2. Node.js Runtime:Cypress operates in a Node.js environment, enabling features like asynchronous operations, file system access, and integration with CI pipelines.

3. Front-End Testing: Since JavaScript is the dominant language for front-end development, Cypress provides seamless testing capabilities for JavaScript-based frameworks like React, Angular, and Vue.

4. Test Scripts: Cypress test scripts are written in JavaScript or TypeScript (optional, with additional setup), making it accessible for developers already familiar with these languages.

This language foundation ensures Cypress is lightweight, fast, and well-suited for modern web application testing.

10. Can I use Cypress framework with other languages like C#, Java, or PHP?

No, Cypress cannot directly be used with languages like C#, Java, or PHP for writing test scripts. Cypress is a JavaScript-based framework designed to run in a Node.js environment, meaning test scripts must be written in JavaScript (or optionally TypeScript).

Workarounds:

While Cypress does not natively support other languages, here are some ways to integrate it with non-JavaScript ecosystems:

1. API or Command-Line Integration: You can trigger Cypress tests from CI/CD pipelines or other scripts written in languages like C#, Java, or PHP using shell commands or Cypress’s CLI.

2. Interfacing Through API Testing: For applications developed in other languages, you can still use Cypress to test the web front-end, while backend or API tests can be written in the language of your choice (e.g., Java with Rest Assured).

3. Hybrid Frameworks: You can create a hybrid testing framework where different components of testing (e.g., unit, integration, end-to-end) use different tools or languages. For example, use Cypress for UI testing and Java for API tests.

4. Communication Between Tools: Leverage inter-process communication (like HTTP requests) or shared files to coordinate Cypress with tests written in other languages.

Despite these possibilities, the actual Cypress test scripts must be written in JavaScript or TypeScript.

11. Can I use Junit or TestNG in cypress?

No, you cannot use JUnit or TestNG in Cypress. Cypress is a JavaScript-based testing framework that works primarily with the Node.js environment. It is designed specifically for end-to-end testing of web applications and uses Mocha (a JavaScript testing framework) as its underlying test runner and Chai for assertions.

JUnit and TestNG, on the other hand, are testing frameworks for Java applications and are not compatible with Cypress. If you want to integrate Java-based testing frameworks, you would need to use a different testing tool or framework tailored to Java, such as Selenium.

12. Can we use BDD with Cypress?

Yes, you can use BDD (Behavior-Driven Development) with Cypress by integrating it with tools like Cucumber. This allows you to write tests in a Gherkin syntax (using .feature files), which is a common way to express test scenarios in plain English.

Steps to Use BDD with Cypress:

1. Install Dependencies: Use the cypress-cucumber-preprocessor or @badeball/cypress-cucumber-preprocessor package to enable BDD in Cypress.Install these via npm:

npm install @badeball/cypress-cucumber-preprocessor

2. Set Up Cypress: Update the cypress.config.js file to configure the preprocessor.

3. Write Feature Files: Create .feature files to define scenarios in Gherkin syntax (e.g., Given, When, Then).

4. Write Step Definitions: Create step definition files to map Gherkin steps to Cypress commands.

Example:

Feature File (example.feature)

Feature: Login functionality

Scenario: User logs in with valid credentials

  Given the user is on the login page

  When they enter valid credentials

  Then they should be redirected to the dashboard

Step Definitions (example.js)

import { Given, When, Then } from '@badeball/cypress-cucumber-preprocessor';

Given('the user is on the login page', () => {

  cy.visit('/login');

});

When('they enter valid credentials', () => {

  cy.get('#username').type('testuser');

  cy.get('#password').type('password123');

  cy.get('#loginButton').click();

});

Then('they should be redirected to the dashboard', () => {

  cy.url().should('include', '/dashboard');

});

This setup enables you to combine the power of Cypress with the readability and collaboration benefits of BDD.

13. Could you tell me about some differences between Cypress and Selenium?

Here’s a comparing Cypress and Selenium:

Aspect	Cypress	Selenium
Language Support	Only supports JavaScript/TypeScript.	Supports multiple languages: Java, Python, C#, Ruby, etc.
Architecture	Runs directly in the browser, in the same run loop as the application.	Uses WebDriver to communicate with browsers via a separate process.
Setup	Easy setup with one command (npm install cypress).	Requires setting up WebDriver, language bindings, and libraries.
Test Scope	Primarily for front-end, end-to-end testing of modern web applications.	Can test web, mobile, and desktop applications.
Browser Support	Supports modern browsers (Chrome, Edge, Firefox); limited Safari support.	Supports a wider range of browsers, including legacy ones.
Debugging	Built-in test runner with detailed debugging and snapshots.	Debugging requires external tools or frameworks for logging.
Parallel Testing	Supported but often relies on the Cypress Dashboard for configuration.	Native support using tools like TestNG or custom configurations.
Execution Speed	Faster due to browser-native execution and single runtime environment.	Slower due to communication overhead between WebDriver and browsers.
Community & Ecosystem	Growing community, introduced in 2014.	Established since 2004 with a large, mature ecosystem.

14. Could you describe the Cypress folder structures?

The default Cypress folder structure organizes files and folders for effective test management and execution. Here’s an overview:

Default Cypress Folder Structure

cypress/

├── fixtures/

├── e2e/

├── support/

├── downloads/

├── screenshots/

├── videos/

Explanation of Each Folder:

1. fixtures/

Access in tests with:

cy.fixture('userData').then((data) => { ... });

2. e2e/

• Contains test files written for end-to-end testing.

• Tests are typically written in .js, .ts, or .cy.js.

• Example test: login.cy.js.

• Folder can be renamed or restructured to organize tests by feature/module.

3. support/

• Holds reusable helper functions, custom commands, and global configuration.
• Key files:
  • commands.js: Define custom Cypress commands.
    Example:
    

Cypress.Commands.add('login', (username, password) => {
cy.get('#username').type(username);

  cy.get('#password').type(password);

  cy.get('#loginButton').click();

});

• e2e.js: Used for global configurations like before and after hooks.
• Enhances reusability and reduces code duplication.

4. downloads/

• Stores files downloaded during test execution.

• Requires configuration to capture downloaded files.

5. screenshots/

• Stores screenshots automatically taken on test failures (or manually triggered).

• Useful for debugging test failures.

6. videos/

• Contains recorded videos of test runs if video recording is enabled.

• Helps analyze tests visually for debugging and reporting.

Configuration File:

• cypress.config.js (or .ts):
  • Defines global settings, such as the base URL, timeouts, or custom paths for folders.

module.exports = {

  e2e: {

    baseUrl: 'http://localhost:3000',

    fixturesFolder: 'cypress/fixtures',

    screenshotsFolder: 'cypress/screenshots',

    videosFolder: 'cypress/videos',

  },

};

This structure is designed to keep tests and resources well-organized and maintainable. You can customize folder paths and configurations based on your project’s needs.

15. How can I open the Cypress window and execute tests?

You can open the Cypress Test Runner and execute tests using the following steps:

Steps to Open Cypress and Execute Tests:

1. Install Cypress

Make sure Cypress is installed in your project:

npm install cypress --save-dev

2. Open Cypress

Run the following command in your terminal to open the Cypress Test Runner:

npx cypress open

This launches the interactive Cypress Test Runner, where you can see all your tests and select the ones you want to execute.

3. Execute Tests

• In the Test Runner window:
  1. Select the browser you want to use (e.g., Chrome, Edge, or Firefox).
  2. Click on a test file from the list to execute it.
  3. Cypress will open the selected browser and run the test interactively, displaying detailed logs and results in real time.

4. Run Cypress in Headless Mode

To execute tests in headless mode (without opening the Test Runner), use the following command:

npx cypress run

This runs all tests in the background and outputs the results to the terminal. By default, it records videos of test execution (unless disabled).

5. Run a Specific Test File

To run a specific test file in headless mode:

npx cypress run --spec "cypress/e2e/testFile.cy.js"

6. Additional Options

• Record tests for dashboard integration:

npx cypress run --record

• Specify browser:

npx cypress run --browser chrome

Key Points:

• The interactive mode (npx cypress open) is great for debugging and development.
• The headless mode (npx cypress run) is better for CI/CD pipelines.
• You can configure test behavior, such as base URL or browser, in the cypress.config.js file.

This flexibility makes Cypress suitable for both local development and automated pipelines.

16. How to click on the button in Cypress?

In Cypress, you can click a button using the cy.get() command to locate the button, followed by the click() method to perform the action.

Steps to Click a Button:

1. Locate the Button

Use a CSS selector, ID, class, or any other attribute to identify the button.
Example:

• Button with an ID: #submit
• Button with a class: .btn-primary
• Button text: Submit

2. Perform the Click Action

Use Cypress commands to interact with the button.

Examples:

• Using ID Selector

cy.get('#submit').click();

• Using Class Selector

cy.get('.btn-primary').click();

• Using Button Text

To select by button text, use the contains() command:

cy.contains('Submit').click();

• Using Attribute Selector

You can use any attribute (e.g., data-testid) to locate the button:

cy.get('[data-testid="submit-btn"]').click();

Advanced Examples:

• Click with Force Option

If the button is hidden or overlapped by another element:

cy.get('#submit').click({ force: true });

• Chained Commands

To click a button inside a specific container:

cy.get('.form-container').find('.btn-primary').click();

• Waiting for Button to Appear

Ensure the button is visible and ready before clicking:

cy.get('#submit').should('be.visible').click();

These methods allow you to interact with buttons effectively in Cypress tests.

17. How to create suites in Cypress?

In Cypress, you can organize tests into suites using describe blocks. A suite groups related tests together, making your test structure easier to manage and understand.

Steps to Create Suites in Cypress:

1. Use the describe() Block : Define a test suite by wrapping tests in a describe() block.

Syntax:

describe('Suite Name', () => {

  // Test cases go here

});

2. Add Test Cases with it() Blocks : Inside the describe() block, use it() to define individual test cases.

Syntax:

it('Test Case Name', () => {

  // Test steps go here

});

Example:

describe('User Authentication Suite', () => {

  it('should load the login page', () => {

    cy.visit('/login');

    cy.get('h1').should('contain', 'Login');

  });

  it('should log in with valid credentials', () => {

    cy.get('#username').type('testuser');

    cy.get('#password').type('password123');

    cy.get('#loginButton').click();

    cy.url().should('include', '/dashboard');

  });

});

Nested Suites:

You can create nested suites by adding a describe() block inside another describe() block:

describe('User Authentication Suite', () => {

  describe('Login Tests', () => {

    it('should log in with valid credentials', () => {

      // Test steps

    });

  });

  describe('Error Handling Tests', () => {

    it('should display an error for invalid credentials', () => {

      // Test steps

    });

  });

});

Benefits of Suites:

• Organize tests logically (e.g., by feature or module).
• Makes test reports more readable.
• Enables selective execution of suites or individual tests.

By structuring your tests into suites, you maintain clarity and reusability in your test suite hierarchy.

18. What is cy.contains command?

The cy.contains command in Cypress is used to find elements on a web page that contain specific text. This is particularly useful when identifying elements based on their visible text, such as buttons, links, or headings.

Syntax:

cy.contains(text);

cy.contains(selector, text);

Parameters:

1. text: The visible text to search for in the DOM.
2. selector (optional): A CSS selector to narrow down the scope of the search.

Examples:

1. Finding an Element by Text

If a button has the text “Submit”:

cy.contains('Submit').click();

2. Narrowing Search with a Selector

To find a specific element within a container:

cy.contains('button', 'Submit').click();

Here, Cypress looks for a button element that contains the text “Submit”.

3. Partial Text Matching

cy.contains matches elements based on partial text:

cy.contains('Sub').click(); // Matches elements containing "Sub"

Key Features:

• Matches only visible text (ignores hidden elements).
• Supports partial or full text matching.
• Simplifies test scripts when identifying elements based on text.

This command makes Cypress highly intuitive for testing text-based UI interactions.

19. How can we use browser Navigation in Cypress?

In Cypress, you can perform browser navigation actions such as moving back, forward, or reloading the page using the built-in cy.go() and cy.reload() commands.

1. Navigate Back and Forward

Use the cy.go() command to navigate through browser history.

Syntax:

cy.go(direction);

Parameters:

• direction: Either a numeric value (-1 for back, 1 for forward) or a string (‘back’, ‘forward’).

Examples:

Navigate Back:

cy.go('back'); // OR cy.go(-1);

Navigate Forward:

cy.go('forward'); // OR cy.go(1);

2. Reload the Page

Use the cy.reload() command to reload the current page.

Syntax:

cy.reload(options);

Parameters:

• options (optional): Object to control behavior, such as disabling cache.

Examples:

Simple Reload:

cy.reload();

Reload Without Using Cache:

cy.reload(true);

3. Visit a URL

You can also directly navigate to a specific page using cy.visit():

cy.visit('https://example.com');

Key Points:

• cy.go() is used for history-based navigation (back/forward).
• cy.reload() reloads the current page.
• These commands are useful for testing navigation-related f
• unctionalities like breadcrumb trails, redirects, and back-button handling.

20. How can I wait for an element to be visible in Cypress?

In Cypress, you can wait for an element to be visible using the cy.wait() or cy.get() commands along with assertion methods like should() to ensure the element is visible before performing any actions on it.

1. Using cy.get() with should(‘be.visible’)

This is the most common way to wait for an element to become visible. The cy.get() command will automatically retry until the element is found or the default timeout (4 seconds) is reached.

Example:

cy.get('#myElement').should('be.visible');

• This waits for the element with the ID myElement to become visible on the page.
• should(‘be.visible’) is an assertion that ensures the element is visible. If the element is not visible, Cypress will keep checking until the timeout is reached.

2. Using cy.wait() for Custom Delays (Not Recommended)

While Cypress automatically waits for elements to appear, you can use cy.wait() to wait for a fixed period of time (e.g., if there is a known delay or network request).

Example:

cy.wait(500); // Wait for 500 milliseconds

cy.get('#myElement').should('be.visible');

• cy.wait(500) adds a delay but is not recommended for general usage, as it’s not ideal for handling dynamic content. It’s better to wait for elements using assertions like should(‘be.visible’) or wait for network requests.

3. Using .should() with Other Conditions

You can also wait for elements to become visible after actions like clicking or typing:

Example:

cy.get('#loginButton').click();

cy.get('.welcome-message').should('be.visible');

• This waits for the .welcome-message to appear after clicking the login button.

You can set a custom timeout if the default wait time (4 seconds) is not sufficient.

Example:

cy.get('#myElement', { timeout: 10000 }).should('be.visible'); // Wait up to 10 seconds

Key Points:

• cy.get() with should(‘be.visible’) is the recommended way to wait for visibility.
• Cypress automatically retries commands, so explicit waits (e.g., cy.wait()) are usually unnecessary.
• Custom timeouts can be set if you expect elements to take longer to appear.

This ensures that tests are more reliable and dynamic, without unnecessarily pausing the test execution.

21. How can I use mouseover in Cypress?

In Cypress, you can simulate a mouseover (hover) event using the cy.trigger() or cy.get().trigger() method. This allows you to trigger mouse events like mouseover, mouseenter, or mousemove on an element.

1. Using cy.trigger() to Simulate Mouseover

The most straightforward way to simulate a mouseover event is by using the trigger() command to simulate the mouseover event.

Syntax:

cy.get('selector').trigger('mouseover');

Example:

cy.get('.menu-item').trigger('mouseover');

• This will trigger the mouseover event on the element with the class menu-item. It simulates hovering over the element.

2. Mouseover with Custom Events

You can also simulate more complex mouse events, like mouseenter or mousemove, using trigger().

Example:

cy.get('.dropdown').trigger('mouseenter');  // Simulates mouse entering the dropdown menu

3. Chaining Mouseover with Other Commands

You can chain the trigger() with other Cypress commands, like should(), to validate the effect of the mouseover event.

Example:

cy.get('.menu-item')

  .trigger('mouseover')

  .should('have.class', 'active'); // Check if the 'active' class is added after hover

4. Mouseover with cy.hover() (If Available)

Cypress doesn’t have a direct hover() command, but you can achieve similar functionality using trigger() as shown above.

Key Points:

• trigger(‘mouseover’) simulates the mouseover action in Cypress.
• trigger(‘mouseenter’) and trigger(‘mousemove’) can also be used to simulate different mouse-related events.
• You can chain additional assertions to verify the effects of the mouseover event (e.g., changing styles or visibility).

This allows you to test interactive elements like dropdowns, tooltips, and hover effects in your application.

22. How can I perform dragNdrop in Cypress?

In Cypress, you can perform drag-and-drop actions by simulating mouse events using the cy.trigger() command. While Cypress doesn’t have a built-in drag-and-drop API, you can use the mousedown, mousemove, and mouseup events to simulate dragging an element from one place to another.

Steps to Perform Drag and Drop:

1. Identify the Source and Target Elements
First, you need to identify the source (the element you’re dragging) and the target (the element where you’re dropping).

2. Use Mouse Events to Simulate the Dragging Action
You’ll simulate the drag-and-drop behavior by chaining the following mouse events:

• mousedown: Starts the drag action.
• mousemove: Moves the dragged element.
• mouseup: Drops the element.

Example of Drag and Drop:

cy.get('.draggable') // The element to be dragged

  .trigger('mousedown', { which: 1 });  // Simulate mouse down (left click)

cy.get('.droppable')  // The target element to drop onto

  .trigger('mousemove')  // Move the mouse to the target

  .trigger('mouseup');  // Drop the element

In this example:

• .droppable is where you’re dropping it.
• trigger(‘mousedown’) simulates the start of the drag.
• trigger(‘mousemove’) simulates dragging the element across the screen.
• trigger(‘mouseup’) releases the element at the target.

Drag and Drop with Offset

Sometimes, you may need to perform a drag action at a specific position (using an offset). You can use the { position: { x, y } } option to simulate the drag and move it to an exact location.

cy.get('.draggable')

  .trigger('mousedown', { which: 1, position: { x: 50, y: 50 } });

cy.get('.droppable')

  .trigger('mousemove', { clientX: 200, clientY: 200 })

  .trigger('mouseup');

Using Third-Party Plugins for Drag and Drop

For more advanced drag-and-drop scenarios (e.g., when dealing with complex UI components like sortable lists or grids), you can use a third-party Cypress plugin like @4tw/cypress-drag-drop.

Example:

npm install @4tw/cypress-drag-drop --save-dev

Then, in your test:

import '@4tw/cypress-drag-drop';

cy.get('.draggable').drag('.droppable');

This plugin simplifies the drag-and-drop actions and handles edge cases more effectively.

Key Points:

• trigger(‘mousedown’), mousemove, and mouseup simulate the drag-and-drop behavior in Cypress.
• You can use offsets to drag the element to a specific location.
• For complex drag-and-drop scenarios, third-party plugins like @4tw/cypress-drag-drop can be useful.

23. How to press keyboard keys in Cypress?

In Cypress, you can simulate pressing keyboard keys using the cy.type() command, which is commonly used to type text into input fields, and the cy.trigger() method to simulate key events.

1. Simulate Key Press with cy.type()

The cy.type() command allows you to simulate typing text into an input field or text area, but you can also use it to simulate pressing special keyboard keys like Enter, Tab, Backspace, etc.

Syntax:

cy.get('selector').type('text or key');

Example: 

Pressing Regular Keys

cy.get('input[type="text"]').type('Hello, Cypress!');

2. Simulate Special Key Presses with cy.type()

You can simulate special keys like Enter, Escape, Tab, etc., by passing the key as a string.

Examples:

# Pressing Enter:
cy.get('input[type="text"]').type('{enter}');

# Pressing Tab:
cy.get('input[type="text"]').type('{tab}');

# Pressing Escape:
cy.get('input[type="text"]').type('{esc}');

# Pressing Backspace:
cy.get('input[type="text"]').type('{backspace}');

3. Simulate Multiple Key Strokes

You can simulate a sequence of key presses by chaining special keys inside the type() command.

Example: Typing a Text and Pressing Enter

cy.get('input[type="text"]').type('Cypress Test{enter}');

4. Using cy.trigger() to Simulate Specific Key Events

If you need to simulate more custom key events (like keydown, keyup), you can use cy.trigger().

Example: Triggering a Custom Key Event

cy.get('input[type="text"]')

  .trigger('keydown', { keyCode: 13 });  // Simulate pressing Enter (keyCode 13)

Key Points:

• cy.type() is the most common way to simulate typing and key presses, including special keys.
• Special keys are represented using curly braces: {enter}, {backspace}, {tab}, etc.
• cy.trigger() allows you to simulate custom keyboard events like keydown, keyup, or keypress.

By using these methods, you can accurately simulate user interactions that involve keyboard events in your Cypress tests.

24. How to get the title of the page?

In Cypress, you can get the title of the current page using the cy.title() command. This command retrieves the content of the <title> tag in the HTML document.

Syntax:

cy.title();

Example:

cy.title().should('eq', 'Expected Page Title');

• This command retrieves the title of the page and verifies that it matches the expected title using .should(‘eq’, ‘Expected Title’) assertion.

Key Points:

– cy.title() retrieves the title of the current page.

– It’s commonly used for validation in tests to ensure the correct page title is displayed after navigation or interaction.

– You can use Cypress assertions to compare the retrieved title with the expected one.

25. How can you make advantage of the sleep in Cypress?

In Cypress, it’s generally not recommended to use cy.sleep() as a primary way to wait for elements or actions to complete, since Cypress has built-in waiting mechanisms that automatically handle most scenarios. However, there are cases where cy.sleep() might be useful, such as when you need to introduce a deliberate delay in your test or when you’re testing behaviors related to timing or animations.

1. Using cy.sleep() for Deliberate Delays

You can use cy.sleep() to pause the execution of a test for a specified number of milliseconds. This can be helpful when simulating real-time delays or testing time-based behaviors.

Syntax:

cy.sleep(milliseconds);

Example:

cy.get('button').click();

cy.sleep(2000);  // Wait for 2 seconds

cy.get('.result').should('be.visible');

In this example, after clicking a button, the test waits for 2 seconds before checking if the result is visible.

2. Limitations of cy.sleep()

While cy.sleep() can introduce an explicit wait, it’s not ideal because:

• Inefficiency: It pauses the test unnecessarily, even if the element or action is ready.
• Flaky Tests: Tests might fail if the sleep duration is too short or too long, especially when the element doesn’t load within the specified time.

Cypress is designed to automatically wait for elements to appear, and cy.sleep() bypasses this feature, making tests less reliable.

3. Alternatives to cy.sleep()

Instead of using cy.sleep(), it’s recommended to rely on Cypress’ automatic waiting mechanisms, such as:

cy.get().should(): Automatically waits for elements to appear and meet certain conditions (e.g., visibility, existence).

cy.get('.result').should('be.visible');  // Cypress waits until the element is visible

cy.wait(): Wait for a specific network request to complete or a specific amount of time (though network-based waits are preferred).

cy.wait(2000);  // Waits for 2 seconds, but it’s better to wait for specific requests.

Key Points:

• cy.sleep() introduces a delay of a specific duration, but it’s not recommended for general waiting in tests.
• Cypress’ automatic waiting (e.g., for elements or network requests) should be preferred to make tests more efficient and reliable.
• Use cy.sleep() only when absolutely necessary, such as for testing animations or timing-specific behaviors.

26. What are hooks in Cypress?

In Cypress, hooks are special functions that allow you to set up or tear down certain actions before or after each test or test suite. Hooks help to manage repetitive tasks, like setting up data, initializing state, or cleaning up after tests.

Cypress provides several types of hooks, which are similar to those in other testing frameworks like Mocha (which Cypress is built on). The most commonly used hooks are:

1. before()

• Runs once before all tests in a test suite.
• Typically used for setting up test data or global state.

Example:

before(() => {

  cy.visit('https://example.com');

});

2. beforeEach()

• Runs before each test in a test suite.
• Useful for resetting the state or preparing the environment before every test.

Example:

beforeEach(() => {

  cy.clearCookies();  // Clear cookies before each test

});

3. after()

• Runs once after all tests in a test suite.
• Used for final cleanup or actions that need to occur after all tests have finished.

Example:

after(() => {

  cy.log('All tests have completed');

});

4. afterEach()

• Runs after each test in a test suite.
• Typically used for cleaning up or performing actions that need to happen after each test (e.g., logging out after each test).

Example:

afterEach(() => {

  cy.clearLocalStorage();  // Clear local storage after each test

});

Example of Using All Hooks in a Test Suite:

describe('My Test Suite', () => {

  before(() => {

    // Runs once before all tests

    cy.log('Before all tests');

  });

  beforeEach(() => {

    // Runs before each test

    cy.visit('https://example.com');

  });

  afterEach(() => {

    // Runs after each test

    cy.clearCookies();

  });

  after(() => {

    // Runs once after all tests

    cy.log('After all tests');

  });

  it('should do something', () => {

    cy.get('.button').click();

    cy.get('.result').should('be.visible');

  });

  it('should do something else', () => {

    cy.get('.input').type('Hello');

    cy.get('.submit').click();

    cy.get('.confirmation').should('contain', 'Success');

  });

});

Key Points:

• before() and after() run once for the entire test suite.
• beforeEach() and afterEach() run before and after each individual test.
• Hooks are useful for setup and teardown tasks, reducing code duplication and making tests more maintainable.

By using hooks, you can make your tests more efficient and ensure consistent state management across multiple tests.

27. How to execute tests in order in Cypress?

In Cypress, tests within a test suite (describe block) are executed in the order they are written. However, Cypress runs each test (using it blocks) independently and does not guarantee the execution order of tests across different describe blocks. To ensure tests execute in a specific order, you can rely on the following strategies:

1. Writing Tests Sequentially in the Same describe Block

Cypress executes tests in the order they are written within the same describe block. As long as the tests are in the same block, they will run one after the other, respecting the order of appearance.

Example:

describe('Test Suite', () => {

  it('should perform step 1', () => {

    cy.visit('https://example.com');

    cy.get('.button').click();

  });

  it('should perform step 2', () => {

    cy.get('.result').should('be.visible');

  });

});

• In this example, “step 1” will always run before “step 2” because they are written in that order.

2. Using before() or beforeEach() for Setup

If you need specific setup before each test (for example, data preparation or navigation), you can use the before() or beforeEach() hooks to ensure certain actions are completed before the tests are executed.

Example:

describe('Test Suite', () => {

  before(() => {

    // Runs once before all tests

    cy.visit('https://example.com');

  });

  it('should perform step 1', () => {

    cy.get('.button').click();

  });

  it('should perform step 2', () => {

    cy.get('.result').should('be.visible');

  });

});

• Here, before() ensures that the page is visited once before any test starts, guaranteeing the required setup for the tests.

3. Test Execution Order in Multiple describe Blocks

If you want tests in multiple describe blocks to execute in a specific order, you can structure them sequentially in the test file. However, Cypress does not guarantee the execution order across describe blocks by default. To control the order, avoid splitting related tests into separate describe blocks, or explicitly ensure that one block’s setup does not interfere with another.

4. Avoiding Async Timing Issues

While Cypress automatically waits for elements and handles async operations, test execution order is sometimes affected by external factors like network requests or animations. Using proper assertions like should(‘be.visible’) and relying on Cypress’ built-in waiting mechanism will help avoid flaky tests.

Key Points:

• Tests run in the order they are written within a single describe block.
• Use before() or beforeEach() hooks for setup or actions that need to be completed before tests.
• Test order in multiple describe blocks is not guaranteed, so try to keep related tests together in one block.
• Cypress handles async operations automatically, so you don’t need to manage wait times between tests manually.

By following these practices, you can ensure that your tests execute in the intended order.

28. How to perform API testing in Cypress?

Cypress provides built-in support for API testing through its cy.request() command. This allows you to test RESTful APIs by sending HTTP requests (e.g., GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) and validating responses.

Steps to Perform API Testing in Cypress:

1. Set Up a Test: Use Cypress’s Mocha-based syntax (describe, it) to structure your API tests.

2. Send an API Request: Use the cy.request() command to send HTTP requests to the desired endpoint.

3. Validate the Response: Chain assertions using Cypress’s built-in assertion library (powered by Chai) to validate response status codes, body, headers, etc.

4. Authorization (Optional): Include headers or tokens if the API requires authentication.

Example: Testing a GET Endpoint

describe('API Testing with Cypress', () => {

  it('Should fetch a list of users', () => {

    cy.request('GET', 'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users')

      .should((response) => {

        expect(response.status).to.eq(200); // Validate status code

        expect(response.body).to.have.length(10); // Validate response body

        expect(response.headers).to.have.property('content-type').and.include('application/json');

      });

  });

});

Example: Testing a POST Endpoint

it('Should create a new user', () => {

  cy.request({

    method: 'POST',

    url: 'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users',

    body: {

      name: 'John Doe',

      email: 'john.doe@example.com',

    },

  }).should((response) => {

    expect(response.status).to.eq(201); // Validate status code

    expect(response.body).to.have.property('id'); // Validate response body

  });

});

Key Features for API Testing:

• Assertions: Validate response status, headers, and body.

• Support for Query Parameters and Headers: Pass additional options like query parameters and custom headers in the cy.request() configuration.

• Token-based Authorization: Use headers to send tokens for secured APIs.

• Testing Error Scenarios: Test edge cases like 404 or 500 responses.

Cypress’s API testing capabilities make it an excellent choice for combining front-end and API testing in a single framework.

29. How many types of assertions are available in Cypress?

Cypress supports two main types of assertions to validate test outcomes:

1. Implicit Assertions:

• These assertions are built into Cypress commands and automatically verify the state of the application.
• Examples:
  • .should()
  • .and()

Example:

cy.get(‘h1’).should(‘be.visible’).and(‘contain’, ‘Welcome’);

cy.get('h1').should('be.visible').and('contain', 'Welcome');

2. Explicit Assertions:

• Cypress integrates the Chai assertion library, allowing for explicit assertions using expect() or assert().
• This provides more control and flexibility for validating test conditions.

Examples:

Using expect():

cy.get('h1').then((element) => {

  expect(element).to.be.visible;

  expect(element.text()).to.include('Welcome');

});

Using assert():

cy.get('h1').then((element) => {

  assert.isTrue(element.is(':visible'), 'Header is visible');

});

Key Categories of Assertions:

• Existence and Visibility: exist, be.visible, not.exist
• Content: contain, have.text, include.text
• Attributes: have.attr, have.class, have.value
• Length: have.length, have.length.greaterThan
• State: be.checked, be.disabled, be.enabled

Example:

y.get('#username').should('have.value', 'JohnDoe');

cy.get('#submit').should('be.enabled');

cy.request('https://api.example.com').its('status').should('eq', 200);

These assertion types provide robust options for validating different aspects of web applications during testing.

30. How is the test data maintained in Cypress?

In Cypress, test data can be maintained and managed efficiently using various approaches depending on the application’s requirements. Here are the key methods:

1. Fixtures:

• Purpose: Store and manage static test data in JSON files.
• Location: Typically located in the cypress/fixtures folder.
• Usage: Use the cy.fixture() command to load and use data in tests.

Example:

cypress/fixtures/user.json:

{

  "username": "testuser",

  "password": "password123"

}

Test script:

cy.fixture('user').then((user) => {

  cy.get('#username').type(user.username);

  cy.get('#password').type(user.password);

});

2. Environment Variables:

• Purpose: Store sensitive or dynamic data like API keys, URLs, or credentials.
• Configuration: Define in cypress.config.js or pass through CLI/CI pipelines.
• Usage: Access with Cypress.env().

Example:

cypress.config.js:

env: {

  apiUrl: 'https://api.example.com',

  token: 'abc123'

}

Test script:

cy.request({

  url: Cypress.env('apiUrl'),

  headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${Cypress.env('token')}` }

});

3. Direct Variables in Tests:

• Use inline data within test scripts for small or specific test scenarios.

Example

const user = { username: 'testuser', password: 'password123' };

cy.get('#username').type(user.username);

cy.get('#password').type(user.password);

4. Custom Commands:

• Create reusable commands to manage and inject test data.

Example:

cypress/support/commands.js:

Cypress.Commands.add('login', (username, password) => {

  cy.get('#username').type(username);

  cy.get('#password').type(password);

  cy.get('#loginButton').click();

});

Test script:

cy.login('testuser', 'password123');

5. Dynamic Data from APIs:

• Fetch dynamic data from APIs during the test run using cy.request().

Example: 

cy.request('GET', '/api/users').then((response) => {

  expect(response.status).to.eq(200);

  const user = response.body[0];

  cy.get('#username').type(user.username);

});

Best Practices:

• Use fixtures for static data.
• Use environment variables for sensitive or configurable data.
• Fetch dynamic data when the test requires real-time interaction.

These methods ensure test data is flexible, reusable, and easy to maintain in Cypress.

31. Which command is used in Cypress to manage the behavior of network requests?

In Cypress, the cy.intercept() command is used to manage and control the behavior of network requests. This powerful feature allows you to intercept, modify, and stub network requests and responses, making it ideal for testing scenarios where controlling backend interactions is crucial.

Key Features of cy.intercept():

1. Intercepting Requests: Monitor outgoing HTTP requests (e.g., GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) and their responses.

Example:

cy.intercept('GET', '/api/users').as('getUsers');

cy.visit('/users');

cy.wait('@getUsers').its('response.statusCode').should('eq', 200);

2. Stubbing Responses: Replace the real server response with a mock response.

Example:

cy.intercept('GET', '/api/users', { fixture: 'users.json' });

cy.visit('/users');

3. Modify Requests and Responses: Dynamically change request or response data.

Example:

cy.intercept('GET', '/api/users', (req) => {

  req.reply((res) => {

    res.body = [{ id: 1, name: 'Mock User' }];

  });

});

cy.visit('/users');

4. Alias and Wait for Requests: Assign aliases to intercepted requests for easier tracking and verification.

Example:

cy.intercept('POST', '/api/login').as('login');

cy.get('#loginButton').click();

cy.wait('@login').its('response.statusCode').should('eq', 200);

5. Testing Error Scenarios: Simulate server errors like 404 or 500.

Example:

cy.intercept('GET', '/api/users', { statusCode: 500 });

cy.visit('/users');

cy.get('.error').should('contain', 'Server Error');

Advantages of Using cy.intercept():

• Test front-end behavior without depending on a live backend.
• Simulate different server responses for edge cases.
• Reduce flakiness caused by unreliable external APIs.

The cy.intercept() command is a versatile tool for managing network requests in Cypress, making it indispensable for API testing and end-to-end testing scenarios.

32. How can I get the first and last child of the selected element in Cypress?

In Cypress, you can use the :first and :last pseudo-selectors or the .first() and .last() methods to select the first and last child elements of a selected element.

Using Pseudo-Selectors:

Cypress allows you to directly use jQuery-style pseudo-selectors.

Example:

cy.get('ul > li:first').should('contain', 'First Item'); // First child

cy.get('ul > li:last').should('contain', 'Last Item');  // Last child

Using .first() and .last() Methods:

These methods are provided by Cypress to fetch the first or last element from a set of matched elements.

Example:

cy.get('ul > li').first().should('contain', 'First Item'); // First child

cy.get('ul > li').last().should('contain', 'Last Item');   // Last child

Full Example:

<ul>

  <li>First Item</li>

  <li>Second Item</li>

  <li>Last Item</li>

</ul>

Test Script:

describe('First and Last Child Selection', () => {

  it('Selects the first and last child', () => {

    cy.visit('/example-page'); // Replace with your page URL

    // First child

    cy.get('ul > li').first().should('contain', 'First Item');

    // Last child

    cy.get('ul > li').last().should('contain', 'Last Item');

  });

});

Notes:

• Ensure the parent element (ul in the example) has the desired child elements before applying these methods.
• Both approaches achieve the same goal, but .first() and .last() are more readable and recommended for Cypress tests.

33. How to use sleep in Cypress?

In Cypress, there is no direct command like sleep or Thread.sleep() for pausing the test execution. Cypress discourages the use of explicit waits and instead promotes retry-ability and waiting for elements or conditions dynamically. However, if you need to introduce a delay, you can use the cy.wait() command.

Using cy.wait() for Delays

cy.wait() is typically used to wait for a specified amount of time in milliseconds.

Example:

cy.wait(5000); // Pauses test execution for 5 seconds

Best Practices for Waiting

Instead of introducing arbitrary delays, use Cypress commands to wait for specific conditions or elements to be ready:

Waiting for an Element:

cy.get('#elementId', { timeout: 10000 }).should('be.visible'); // Waits up to 10 seconds for visibility

Waiting for an API Call:

cy.intercept('GET', '/api/endpoint').as('getData');

cy.wait('@getData').its('response.statusCode').should('eq', 200);

Waiting for a Specific Condition:

cy.get('button').should('not.be.disabled');

When to Use cy.wait():

• Debugging or working with unstable environments.
• Testing animations or transitions.
• When the application has unavoidable delays (use sparingly).

Example Combining cy.wait():

cy.get('#startButton').click();

cy.wait(2000); // Waits for 2 seconds before proceeding

cy.get('#nextPage').should('be.visible');

Recommendation:

Avoid using cy.wait() unless absolutely necessary. Instead, rely on Cypress’s robust retry mechanism and commands like cy.get() or cy.intercept() to ensure tests are stable and performant.

34. How to read the value from the Cypress Configuration file?

In Cypress, you can read values from the configuration file (usually cypress.config.js or cypress.config.ts) using the Cypress.config() or Cypress.env() commands, depending on where the data is stored.

1. Accessing Cypress Configuration Values

You can retrieve general configuration values (e.g., baseUrl, viewportWidth) using Cypress.config().

Example:

const baseUrl = Cypress.config('baseUrl');

cy.log(baseUrl); // Logs the baseUrl value from the config file

2. Accessing Environment Variables

Environment-specific values stored in the env object of the configuration file can be accessed using Cypress.env().

Setting Environment Variables:

In cypress.config.js:

const { defineConfig } = require('cypress');

module.exports = defineConfig({

  env: {

    apiUrl: 'https://api.example.com',

    userToken: 'abc123'

  }

});

Accessing Environment Variables:

const apiUrl = Cypress.env('apiUrl');

cy.log(apiUrl); // Logs the API URL

cy.request(`${apiUrl}/users`).should((response) => {

  expect(response.status).to.eq(200);

});

3. Overriding Configuration and Environment Values

Command Line: Pass environment variables using –env:

npx cypress run --env apiUrl=https://new-api.example.com

Access it in the test:

cy.log(Cypress.env('apiUrl')); // Logs the overridden value

From Test Code: Override configuration dynamically:

Cypress.config('baseUrl', 'https://new-url.example.com');

cy.visit('/');

Example Combined Workflow:

// cypress.config.js

module.exports = {

  env: {

    username: 'testUser',

    password: 'securePassword'

  }

};

// Test Script

describe('Read Config Values', () => {

  it('Should read values from the config file', () => {

    const username = Cypress.env('username');

    const password = Cypress.env('password');

    cy.log(`Username: ${username}`);

    cy.log(`Password: ${password}`);

    // Use the config values

    cy.get('#username').type(username);

    cy.get('#password').type(password);

  });

});

Key Points:

• Use Cypress.config() for standard configuration values.
• Use Cypress.env() for environment-specific variables.
• Avoid hardcoding values directly in tests; manage them in the configuration file for flexibility and reusability.

35. How to create our custom commands in Cypress?

Cypress allows you to create custom commands to encapsulate repetitive tasks or add custom functionality, making your tests more reusable and maintainable. Custom commands are defined in the cypress/support/commands.js (or .ts) file.

Steps to Create Custom Commands:

Define the Custom Command: Use the Cypress.Commands.add() method to create a command. Provide a name and a function for the command.

Example:

Cypress.Commands.add('login', (username, password) => {

  cy.get('#username').type(username);

  cy.get('#password').type(password);

  cy.get('#loginButton').click();

});

Use the Custom Command in Tests: Call the custom command in your test scripts using the syntax cy.<commandName>().

Example:

describe('Custom Commands Example', () => {

  it('Should log in using a custom command', () => {

    cy.visit('/login');

    cy.login('testuser', 'password123'); // Using the custom command

    cy.url().should('include', '/dashboard');

  });

});

Chaining Custom Commands: Custom commands can return Cypress commands, enabling them to be chained.

Example:

Cypress.Commands.add('getByTestId', (testId) => {

  return cy.get(`[data-testid="${testId}"]`);

});

// Usage in a test:

cy.getByTestId('submit-button').click();

Adding Overwrites: You can overwrite existing Cypress commands to modify or extend their behavior.

Example:

Cypress.Commands.overwrite('visit', (originalFn, url, options) => {

  // Log the URL before visiting

  cy.log(`Visiting: ${url}`);

  originalFn(url, options);

});

// Usage in a test:

cy.visit('/home');

Benefits of Custom Commands:

• Reusability: Encapsulate repetitive actions, such as logging in or filling forms.
• Readability: Simplify test scripts by abstracting complex operations.
• Maintainability: Centralize common logic, making updates easier.

Best Practices:

• Parameterization: Make commands flexible by accepting parameters.
• Descriptive Names: Use meaningful names for custom commands.
• Location: Store all custom commands in cypress/support/commands.js or group them logically in separate files and import them.

By leveraging custom commands, you can create cleaner and more modular test scripts in Cypress.

36. How to handle reusability in the Cypress framework?

Reusability in the Cypress framework ensures that test code is modular, maintainable, and efficient. Cypress provides various strategies and tools to handle reusability effectively:

1. Custom Commands:

Encapsulate repetitive actions into custom commands using Cypress.Commands.add(). Store these commands in the cypress/support/commands.js file.

Example:

Cypress.Commands.add('login', (username, password) => {

  cy.get('#username').type(username);

  cy.get('#password').type(password);

  cy.get('#loginButton').click();

});

// Usage:

cy.login('testuser', 'password123');

2. Utility Functions:

Create utility or helper functions for operations that don’t directly interact with the UI, such as data manipulation or calculations. Store these in separate JavaScript files.

Example:

// cypress/utils/helpers.js

export const formatDate = (date) => {

  return new Date(date).toLocaleDateString();

};

// Usage in test:

import { formatDate } from '../utils/helpers';

cy.log(formatDate('2024-12-11'));

3. Page Object Model (POM):

Use the Page Object Model to represent each page of the application as a class or module, with methods that perform specific actions.

Example:

// cypress/pages/LoginPage.js

class LoginPage {

  visit() {

    cy.visit('/login');

  }

  fillUsername(username) {

    cy.get('#username').type(username);

  }

  fillPassword(password) {

    cy.get('#password').type(password);

  }

  submit() {

    cy.get('#loginButton').click();

  }

}

export default LoginPage;

// Usage:

import LoginPage from '../pages/LoginPage';

const loginPage = new LoginPage();

loginPage.visit();

loginPage.fillUsername('testuser');

loginPage.fillPassword('password123');

loginPage.submit();

4. Fixtures for Test Data:

Store reusable test data in JSON files under the cypress/fixtures folder and access it using cy.fixture().

Example:

cypress/fixtures/user.json:

{

  "username": "testuser",

  "password": "password123"

}

Usage in test:

cy.fixture('user').then((user) => {

  cy.get('#username').type(user.username);

  cy.get('#password').type(user.password);

});

5. Environment Variables:

Store reusable and sensitive data like API URLs, tokens, or credentials in the env section of cypress.config.js or as environment variables.

Example:

// cypress.config.js

module.exports = {

  env: {

    apiUrl: 'https://api.example.com',

  },

};

// Usage:

cy.request(`${Cypress.env('apiUrl')}/users`).its('status').should('eq', 200);

6. Hooks for Repetitive Setups:

Use before, beforeEach, after, and afterEach hooks in your test files to run common setup or teardown tasks.

Example:

beforeEach(() => {

  cy.visit('/login');

  cy.login('testuser', 'password123');

});

7. Shared Components for Assertions:

Reuse assertion logic by defining shared assertion methods.

Example:

Cypress.Commands.add('verifyElementVisible', (selector) => {

  cy.get(selector).should('be.visible');

});

// Usage:

cy.verifyElementVisible('#header');

Best Practices for Reusability:

1. Modular Design: Break tests into smaller reusable units.
2. Avoid Hardcoding: Use fixtures and environment variables for test data.
3. Consistent Naming: Name functions, commands, and files clearly and descriptively.
4. Centralized Logic: Centralize commonly used actions, utilities, and data.

By implementing these strategies, you can create scalable and maintainable Cypress test automation suites.

37. How to preserve cookies in Cypress?

In Cypress, cookies can be preserved across multiple tests within a test suite to maintain session state or avoid repeated logins. This is especially useful for authenticated sessions.

Steps to Preserve Cookies in Cypress:

Use Cypress.Cookies.preserveOnce() (Test-by-Test): Preserve specific cookies for the current test run.

Example:

beforeEach(() => {

  cy.setCookie('session_id', '123ABC'); // Set a cookie

  Cypress.Cookies.preserveOnce('session_id'); // Preserve it across tests

});

it('Test 1: Uses the preserved cookie', () => {

  cy.getCookie('session_id').should('exist');

});

it('Test 2: Reuses the preserved cookie', () => {

  cy.getCookie('session_id').should('exist');

});

Use Cypress.Cookies.defaults() (Globally): Preserve all or specific cookies for the entire test suite.

Example:

Cypress.Cookies.defaults({

  preserve: 'session_id', // Preserve a specific cookie

});

beforeEach(() => {

  cy.setCookie('session_id', '123ABC'); // Set the cookie if needed

});

it('Test 1: Cookie is available', () => {

  cy.getCookie('session_id').should('exist');

});

it('Test 2: Cookie persists across tests', () => {

  cy.getCookie('session_id').should('exist');

});

Manually Set Cookies Using cy.setCookie(): If cookies are cleared after each test, you can manually set them in a beforeEach block.

Example:

beforeEach(() => {

  cy.setCookie('session_id', '123ABC');

});

it('Test: Verify cookie is set', () => {

  cy.getCookie('session_id').should('exist');

});

Key Commands:

• cy.getCookie(name): Retrieves a specific cookie by name.
• cy.setCookie(name, value): Sets a cookie for the current domain.
• cy.clearCookies(): Clears all cookies for the current domain.
• cy.clearCookie(name): Clears a specific cookie.

Best Practices:

1. Preserve Only Necessary Cookies: Avoid preserving unnecessary cookies to reduce potential issues.
2. Use Fixtures or Environment Variables: Store cookie values securely in fixtures or env files if required for setup.
3. Test Session State: Use preserved cookies to validate session-specific behavior like restricted page access.

By properly preserving cookies, you can streamline authentication flows and maintain test efficiency while ensuring test isolation.

38. What is the environment variable in Cypress?

In Cypress, environment variables are used to manage configuration settings, test data, or sensitive information like URLs, API keys, or user credentials. They allow tests to adapt to different environments (e.g., development, staging, production) without hardcoding values directly into the test scripts.

How to Define Environment Variables:

In the cypress.config.js File: Add environment variables under the env property.

Example:

const { defineConfig } = require('cypress');

module.exports = defineConfig({

  env: {

    apiUrl: 'https://api.example.com',

    username: 'testuser',

    password: 'password123',

  },

});

Passing via CLI: You can pass environment variables when running Cypress tests through the command line.

Example:

npx cypress run --env apiUrl=https://api.staging.example.com

Using .env Files: With the Cypress Dotenv plugin, you can load environment variables from .env files.

Example .env file:

API_URL=https://api.example.com

USERNAME=testuser

PASSWORD=password123

Install Plugin:

npm install cypress-dotenv

Usage:

require('dotenv').config();

How to Access Environment Variables:

Using Cypress.env(): Retrieve the value of an environment variable in a test.

Example:

const apiUrl = Cypress.env('apiUrl');

cy.log(apiUrl); // Logs the value of `apiUrl`

cy.request(`${apiUrl}/users`).its('status').should('eq', 200);

Default Value Fallback: Provide a default value if the environment variable is undefined.

Example:

const apiUrl = Cypress.env('apiUrl') || 'https://default-api.example.com';

cy.log(apiUrl);

Benefits of Environment Variables:

1. Dynamic Configuration: Easily switch between environments (e.g., staging, production).
2. Security: Avoid hardcoding sensitive data like credentials in the test scripts.
3. Reusability: Use the same tests for different environments with minimal changes.

Example Usage:

// cypress.config.js

module.exports = {

  env: {

    apiUrl: 'https://api.example.com',

    adminEmail: 'admin@example.com',

  },

};

// test script

describe('Environment Variable Example', () => {

  it('Logs API URL from environment variables', () => {

    const apiUrl = Cypress.env('apiUrl');

    cy.log(`API URL: ${apiUrl}`);

  });

  it('Fetches data using an environment variable', () => {

    cy.request(`${Cypress.env('apiUrl')}/data`).then((response) => {

      expect(response.status).to.eq(200);

    });

  });

});

Best Practices:

• Centralize Configuration: Store variables in cypress.config.js or use .env files.
• Avoid Hardcoding: Use Cypress.env() for all environment-specific values.
• Keep Sensitive Data Secure: Use secure methods to store and access sensitive values, especially in CI/CD pipelines.

39. How to use XPath in Cypress?

Cypress does not natively support XPath for selecting elements; it uses CSS selectors by default. However, you can enable XPath support in Cypress using the cypress-xpath plugin.

Steps to Use XPath in Cypress:

Install the Plugin: Use npm or yarn to install the cypress-xpath plugin.

npm install -D cypress-xpath

Include the Plugin in Your Cypress Tests: Import the plugin in the cypress/support/commands.js file to enable XPath globally.

require('cypress-xpath');

Use XPath Selectors in Tests: Once the plugin is installed, use the cy.xpath() command to locate elements using XPath.

Example:

describe('Using XPath in Cypress', () => {

  it('Select element using XPath', () => {

    cy.visit('https://example.com');

    cy.xpath('//button[text()="Submit"]').click(); // Click a button with the text "Submit"

  });

});

Example Scenarios:

# Locate Element by Attribute:
cy.xpath('//input[@id="username"]').type('testuser');

# Locate Element by Text:
cy.xpath('//h1[text()="Welcome"]').should('be.visible');

# Locate Element Using Contains:
cy.xpath('//*[contains(text(),"Partial Text")]').click();

Chaining with Cypress Commands: Combine cy.xpath() with other Cypress commands for better workflows.

cy.xpath('//div[@class="menu"]').find('a').should('have.length', 5);

Benefits of Using XPath:

Limitations:

1. Performance: XPath is generally slower than CSS selectors.
2. Readability: XPath expressions can become long and difficult to read.

Best Practices:

1. Prefer CSS Selectors When Possible: Use XPath only when CSS cannot achieve the desired selection.
2. Keep XPath Expressions Simple: Avoid overly complex expressions for better maintainability.
3. Test XPath Expressions: Use browser developer tools to verify XPath before using them in tests.

By integrating the cypress-xpath plugin, you can leverage the power of XPath for element selection in your Cypress tests.

40. What are the selectors supported by Cypress?

Cypress supports a variety of selectors to identify and interact with elements on a web page. These selectors allow flexibility in locating elements based on their attributes, structure, or content.

1. CSS Selectors (Default): Cypress natively supports CSS selectors, which are the most commonly used method for locating elements.

Examples:

2. Text Content: While Cypress doesn’t directly support text-based selectors (like XPath), you can filter elements by their text content using .contains().

Examples:

• Button by Text: cy.contains(‘Submit’).click()
• Element by Partial Text: cy.contains(‘Welcome’).should(‘be.visible’)

Custom Data Attributes: Cypress encourages using custom data attributes (e.g., data-*) for selecting elements, as they are stable and unaffected by UI changes.

Examples:

• cy.get(‘[data-testid=”submit-button”]’)
• cy.get(‘[data-cy=”login-link”]’)

4. Chained Selectors: You can chain selectors for more specific element identification.

Examples:

• Select Within a Parent: cy.get(‘.form’).find(‘input[name=”email”]’)
• Filtering Elements: cy.get(‘ul > li’).eq(1)

5. XPath Selectors (Using Plugin): With the cypress-xpath plugin, XPath selectors can also be used.

Example:

cy.xpath('//button[text()="Submit"]').click();

6. jQuery Selectors: Since Cypress integrates jQuery, you can use jQuery-style selectors for advanced filtering.

Examples:

• Selecting First Element: cy.get(‘li:first’)
• Selecting Last Element: cy.get(‘li:last’)
• Filtering By Content: cy.get(‘li:contains(“Item 1”)’)

7. Alias and Variable Selectors: Elements can be aliased or stored in variables for reuse.

Examples:

Aliasing:

cy.get('#username').as('usernameField');
cy.get('@usernameField').type('testuser');

Variables:

const button = cy.get('.submit-button');
button.click();

8. Shadow DOM Selectors: Cypress supports interacting with elements inside Shadow DOM using the shadow command.

Example:

cy.get('custom-element').shadow().find('.button').click();

Best Practices for Selectors:

1. Use Stable Selectors: Prefer data-* attributes over CSS classes or IDs, as they are less likely to change.
2. Avoid Overly Specific Selectors: Keep selectors simple and focused to improve test resilience.
3. Verify Selectors: Use browser dev tools to test and verify selectors before using them in scripts.

By leveraging these selector types, you can efficiently locate elements in Cypress tests while maintaining test stability and readability.

41. How to check the default configuration in Cypress?

To check the default configuration in Cypress, you can inspect the configuration values that Cypress applies by default, including options like timeouts, base URL, and viewport settings. These configurations can be reviewed and adjusted as needed.

---

Methods to Check Default Configuration in Cypress:

Using the Cypress Configuration File (cypress.config.js): The cypress.config.js file is where default settings are often defined or overridden. You can view or set configurations here.

Example:

const { defineConfig } = require(‘cypress’);

module.exports = defineConfig({

  viewportWidth: 1000,

  viewportHeight: 660,

  defaultCommandTimeout: 4000,

  baseUrl: ‘https://example.com’,

});

1. Using the Test Runner GUI: When you open Cypress in its GUI mode, you can view configuration details in the “Settings” tab of the Cypress Test Runner. This includes environment variables, base URL, and browser settings.

Using Cypress.config() in Tests: The Cypress.config() method allows you to dynamically retrieve and verify configuration values during test execution.
Example:

describe(‘Check Cypress Configuration’, () => {

  it(‘Logs the default configuration’, () => {

    cy.log(`Default Command Timeout: ${Cypress.config(‘defaultCommandTimeout’)}`);

    cy.log(`Viewport Width: ${Cypress.config(‘viewportWidth’)}`);

    cy.log(`Base URL: ${Cypress.config(‘baseUrl’)}`);

  });

});

2. Output will show the default values of these configurations.

Command Line Flags: When running tests via the CLI, you can pass the –config flag to view or temporarily override configurations.
Example:
npx cypress open –config viewportWidth=1200,viewportHeight=800

3. Cypress Documentation: You can refer to the Cypress official documentation for a list of all default configuration values.

---

Common Default Configurations in Cypress:

• Timeouts:
  • defaultCommandTimeout: 4000 ms
  • pageLoadTimeout: 60000 ms
• Viewport:
  • viewportWidth: 1000
  • viewportHeight: 660
• Base URL: Undefined by default.
• Retry Attempts:
  • numTestsKeptInMemory: 50

---

Best Practices:

• Log Configurations Dynamically: Use Cypress.config() to check or debug configurations during test execution.
• Centralize Configuration Management: Define reusable and environment-specific configurations in cypress.config.js.
• Avoid Overwriting Defaults Without Need: Modify configurations only when necessary for specific test requirements.

By using these approaches, you can easily inspect and manage the default configurations in Cypress for optimal testing.

42. What is Cypress CLI?

The Cypress CLI (Command Line Interface) is a powerful tool that enables you to interact with Cypress via the terminal. It allows you to run tests, open the Cypress Test Runner, configure settings, and integrate Cypress with CI/CD pipelines, providing automation and flexibility beyond the graphical interface.

---

Key Features of Cypress CLI:

Run Tests: Execute tests in headless mode or using the browser for debugging.
npx cypress run

Open the Cypress Test Runner: Launch the graphical Test Runner for debugging tests interactively.
npx cypress open

Customize Test Runs: Pass specific configurations like browser choice, environment variables, or spec files.
npx cypress run –spec “cypress/e2e/tests/login.cy.js” –browser chrome

View and Record Test Results: Record test execution videos and screenshots or integrate with the Cypress Dashboard for advanced reporting.
npx cypress run –record –key <record-key>

Interact with Project Configuration: Scaffold a new project or interact with project settings.
npx cypress init

---

Common Cypress CLI Commands:

Run All Tests in Headless Mode:
npx cypress run

Run a Specific Test File:
npx cypress run –spec “cypress/e2e/example.cy.js”

Run Tests in a Specific Browser:
npx cypress run –browser firefox

Open Cypress Test Runner:
npx cypress open

Set Environment Variables:
npx cypress run –env username=admin,password=1234

Record Tests to the Cypress Dashboard:
npx cypress run –record –key <your-dashboard-key>

List Available Browsers:
npx cypress info

---

Benefits of Cypress CLI:

1. Automation: Integrates seamlessly with CI/CD pipelines for continuous testing.
2. Flexibility: Provides options to customize test execution with parameters.
3. Debugging: Offers powerful logging and test debugging capabilities through headless and interactive modes.
4. Scalability: Easily manage large test suites and parallelize tests in CI environments.

---

Example CLI Workflow:

Run Tests in CI Pipeline: Add the following Cypress CLI command to your CI configuration file:

npx cypress run –headless –browser chrome

Record Test Results in Cypress Dashboard: Include the record key for result tracking:
bash

npx cypress run –record –key abc123xyz

The Cypress CLI is an essential tool for advanced test automation and management, providing a robust command-line interface for executing and customizing tests efficiently.

43. How can I get the browser Properties in Cypress?

In Cypress, you can retrieve browser properties using the cy.window() and cy.document() commands. These commands give access to the browser’s window and document objects, allowing you to inspect properties like browser name, version, user agent, and more.

---

Methods to Get Browser Properties:

Using cy.window() to Access the Browser’s window Object: The window.navigator object contains browser-related properties.
Example:

describe(‘Get Browser Properties’, () => {

  it(‘Logs the user agent’, () => {

    cy.window().then((win) => {

      cy.log(`User Agent: ${win.navigator.userAgent}`);

    });

  });

});

Using cy.document() to Access Document Properties: The document object also provides metadata about the browser and the web page.
Example:

describe(‘Access Document Properties’, () => {

  it(‘Logs the document title’, () => {

    cy.document().then((doc) => {

      cy.log(`Document Title: ${doc.title}`);

    });

  });

});

Using Cypress Commands to Fetch User Agent: The Cypress.browser object contains information about the current browser.
Example:

describe(‘Get Cypress Browser Info’, () => {

  it(‘Logs browser name and version’, () => {

    cy.log(`Browser Name: ${Cypress.browser.name}`);

    cy.log(`Browser Version: ${Cypress.browser.version}`);

  });

});

Using window.navigator Properties: Common properties of window.navigator include:

• appName: Name of the browser.
• appVersion: Version of the browser.
• platform: Operating system of the client.
• userAgent: User agent string for identifying the browser.

Example:

cy.window().then((win) => {

  cy.log(`Platform: ${win.navigator.platform}`);

  cy.log(`Browser App Version: ${win.navigator.appVersion}`);

});

---

Example Use Case:

describe(‘Browser Properties Example’, () => {

  it(‘Logs browser details’, () => {

    cy.window().then((win) => {

      cy.log(`User Agent: ${win.navigator.userAgent}`);

      cy.log(`Platform: ${win.navigator.platform}`);

    });

    cy.log(`Browser Name: ${Cypress.browser.name}`);

    cy.log(`Browser Version: ${Cypress.browser.version}`);

  });

});

---

When to Use:

• To fetch browser-specific data for test reporting.
• To run browser compatibility checks during testing.
• To debug issues that might occur in a specific browser or environment.

By combining Cypress commands and JavaScript browser objects, you can retrieve and log browser properties effectively for debugging and reporting purposes.

44. What is the trigger function in Cypress?

In Cypress, the trigger function is used to programmatically trigger a specific DOM event on an element. This is helpful when you need to simulate user interactions or custom events that are not covered by standard Cypress commands like click() or type().

---

Syntax:

cy.get(selector).trigger(eventName, [position], [options])

Parameters:

1. eventName (String): The name of the event to trigger (e.g., click, mouseover, keydown).
2. position (Optional, String): The position to trigger the event on the element, e.g., topLeft, center, bottomRight. Defaults to center.
3. options (Optional, Object): Additional options for the event, such as bubbles, cancelable, or custom properties like key or code.

---

Common Use Cases for trigger:

Simulating Mouse Events:

• mouseover, mouseout, mousedown, mouseup.

Example:

cy.get(‘.menu-item’).trigger(‘mouseover’);

Simulating Keyboard Events:

• keydown, keypress, keyup.

Example:

cy.get(‘input’).trigger(‘keydown’, { key: ‘Enter’, code: ‘Enter’, keyCode: 13 });

Simulating Drag-and-Drop: Triggering drag events like dragstart, dragover, and drop.
Example:

cy.get(‘.draggable’).trigger(‘dragstart’);

cy.get(‘.droppable’).trigger(‘drop’);

Custom Events: Trigger custom events defined in the application.
Example:

cy.get(‘.element’).trigger(‘customEvent’, { detail: { data: ‘value’ } });

Triggering Specific Positions: Specify where on the element the event should occur.
Example:

cy.get(‘.button’).trigger(‘click’, ‘topLeft’);

---

Example Test:

describe(‘Cypress Trigger Function’, () => {

  it(‘Triggers mouseover and click events’, () => {

    // Trigger a mouseover event

    cy.get(‘.hover-item’).trigger(‘mouseover’).should(‘have.class’, ‘hovered’);

    // Trigger a click event at a specific position

    cy.get(‘.button’).trigger(‘click’, ‘bottomRight’);

  });

  it(‘Simulates a keypress’, () => {

    // Trigger a keydown event

    cy.get(‘input’).trigger(‘keydown’, { key: ‘A’, keyCode: 65 });

  });

});

---

Benefits of Using trigger:

1. Simulate Advanced Interactions: Handle events not covered by standard Cypress commands.
2. Test Edge Cases: Simulate custom scenarios like partial interactions or unusual events.
3. Ensure DOM Event Handlers Work Properly: Verify that your application reacts correctly to custom or native events.

---

The trigger function in Cypress is an essential tool for mimicking complex user interactions and custom events, providing flexibility in writing comprehensive tests.

45. Explain briefly for below mentioned interview questions How can I get the location Object in Cypress?

In Cypress, you can retrieve the location object of the browser to access information about the current URL, such as the protocol, hostname, pathname, search parameters, and more. Cypress provides the cy.location() command to interact with the location object.

---

Syntax:

cy.location([key])

• key (Optional): A specific property of the location object you want to retrieve, such as href, protocol, hostname, pathname, or search.

---

Common Properties of the Location Object:

1. href: The full URL of the current page.
2. protocol: The protocol used (e.g., http:, https:).
3. hostname: The domain of the current URL.
4. pathname: The path after the domain.
5. search: The query string in the URL.
6. hash: The fragment identifier in the URL.

---

Examples:

Retrieve the Entire Location Object:

cy.location().then((location) => {

  cy.log(`Full URL: ${location.href}`);

  cy.log(`Protocol: ${location.protocol}`);

  cy.log(`Hostname: ${location.hostname}`);

  cy.log(`Pathname: ${location.pathname}`);

});

Access Specific Properties:

To get the hostname:

cy.location(‘hostname’).should(‘eq’, ‘example.com’);

To get the pathname:

cy.location(‘pathname’).should(‘include’, ‘/dashboard’);

Verify Query Parameters:

cy.location(‘search’).should(‘include’, ‘user=123’);

Validate the Protocol:

cy.location(‘protocol’).should(‘eq’, ‘https:’);

Use in Assertions for Routing:

cy.visit(‘/home’);

cy.location(‘pathname’).should(‘eq’, ‘/home’);

---

Use Cases:

1. Routing Tests: Ensure navigation to a specific route updates the URL correctly.
2. URL Validation: Check if the correct query parameters or fragments are included in the URL.
3. Testing Redirects: Verify that the application redirects to the expected URL.
4. Custom Conditions: Dynamically assert or manipulate behaviors based on URL properties.

---

Example Test:

describe(‘Location Object in Cypress’, () => {

  it(‘Validates URL properties’, () => {

    cy.visit(‘https://example.com/dashboard?user=123’);

    // Validate protocol

    cy.location(‘protocol’).should(‘eq’, ‘https:’);

    // Validate hostname

    cy.location(‘hostname’).should(‘eq’, ‘example.com’);

    // Validate pathname

    cy.location(‘pathname’).should(‘eq’, ‘/dashboard’);

    // Validate search query

    cy.location(‘search’).should(‘include’, ‘user=123’);

  });

});

---

Benefits of cy.location():

1. Precise Assertions: Test the structure and details of the current URL.
2. Simplified Debugging: Easily verify and log navigation-related issues.
3. Dynamic Testing: Adapt tests based on URL components.

The cy.location() command is a robust tool for URL-related validations, making it indispensable for testing navigation, routing, and URL structures in Cypress.